He aha ngā whakamārama matua e pā ana ki ngā rōpū e hoko ana i ngā waka pouaka hei hokonga?

Te Whakamātātari i ngā Hākari Kargo ki te Rōrahi o te Hōkai Pūkeko me te Kaha o te Uta

Te Rōrahi, te Taumaha, me te Tāwhai Āhua: Te Whakamātātari i ngā Uta Āpōpō ki ngā Āhua Ōrite o te Rōrahi o te Hōkai Pūkeko

Ko te whiriwhiri i te waka pūkeke tika he whakamātātutanga i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana kia utaina ki ngā taupānga ā-ao o te waka. I ngā utanga nui ake, tirohia mātua ngā ine o roto. Ko ngā waka ōrite mai i te 16 ki te 26 pīni, i tēnei wā, e whai ana i te 500 ki te 1,400 kūpene pīni, engari i ngā utanga he rerekē ngā āhua, ko te whakamātātutanga i ngā whāriki o ngā kōrero me ngā wāhi whakamātautau he mea matua. Ko ngā kamupani e uta ana i ngā taonga rūma, i ngā taputapu nui rānei, e here ana i te 102 inihia o te wāhi kei runga i te tuara, i te wāhi e uta ana i ngā paeheke, ko ngā kamupani e whai ana i te 96 inihia o te whānui o ngā kōrero kia taea ai te uta i ngā paeheke ōrite (48 × 40 inihia) i te wāhi pai. Ko te whakarite i te wehenga o te tāmira hoki he mea rite tonu te matua. Mēnā kātahi anō te tāmira te nui ake i te ake o mua, i te ake o muri rānei, ka pāpā ake te whakamāhupe i ngā wāhi, ā, ka pāngia hoki ngā whāinga haumaru. Ko ngā raraunga o te ao whakamāhi, e toru hāngai i ngā kaiwhakamāhi waka, e whai ana i ngā taonga kaha kia pakaru i tēnei tau i te take noa atu kāore i taea te whakauru i ngā taonga i tēnei wā.

Ngā āhuatanga o te tātai o te mātua o te waka (GVWR), ngā whakamātautau o te uara o te uta, me ngā whakaaetanga a te ture i ngā pānga ki te whai hua o te whakamahinga

Ko te Rākinga Tātai Pākenga o te Waka, i te GVWR, i tēnei wā e whakamārama ana i te maha o ngā mea e whakamāmā ai te waka i runga i ngā ture me ngā tikanga haumaru. Ko ngā waka katoa i raro i te 26,000 poune kāore he hiahia ki te Tēneta Mōhiohio o te Kaiwhakamāhi i ngā Waka Tauhokohoko hei whakamāhi, nō reira ngā rōpū iti o ngā pakihi e whakamāhi ana i tēnei ara. Engari inā he rere ake ngā kaiwhakamāhi i ngā whāinga o ngā waka, ka tātaihia ngā utu āwhina e 15% i te whāinga o ngā tāwhai me ngā whakamāngungu o ngā wāhanga o te waka e hiahiatia ana te whakakapi i mua i te wā e whakamātua ana. Hei whakamārama i te wāhi e wātea ana mō ngā kaiwhakamāhi i muri i te whakamārama i te waka anō, ko te whakarewa i te tātai pākenga o te waka mai i te tātai o te GVWR. Hei tauira, he waka tātai pākenga o te GVWR 16,000 poune. Mēnā he 6,000 poune te pākenga o te waka i tēnei wā, ka tātaihia he 10,000 poune o ngā kaiwhakamāhi e whakamāmā ai. Engari kāore te whakamāmā i te waka i te rere ake i ngā whāinga he mea whakamāhinga anō. I ngā rākau whakamātautau o te Rōpū Ponemon i whakaputangia i tēnei tau i muri, ko ngā pakihi e whakamātautau ana i ngā utu e tātaihia ana he $740,000 i te wā o ngā pakanga i rere mai i ngā waka kua whakamāmā. Me kore hoki e wareware ngā rārangi o ngā ture o ngā takutai o ngā motu e rere mai i ngā motu rere. Ko ngā kaiwhakamāhi o ngā waka e whakamāhi ana i ngā ture nei i ngā wāhanga o ngā waka (axle weights), ā, āhua pērā anō i ngā wā e whakamāhi ana i ngā wāhi maha i ngā ara o ngā whakamāhi. Inā kāore ngā pakihi e whakamāhi ana i ēnei ture i te tika, ka ngaro ngā mahi o ngā waka i te 22% i te wā o ngā whakamāhi i ngā wāhanga o ngā waka i te wā e whakamātua ana, me ngā panonitanga o ngā ara o ngā whakamāhi i te wā e whakamātua ana.

Te whakamārama i te rōpū o ngā waka pātī i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mahi

Te tuhinga o te ara me ngā mahi: Diesel vs. Petrol, Te tāwhai o te mōhini, me te whirihora i te pūnaha whakamāngō

He tima te whānuitanga o ngā mahi o ngā waka i te tātai i ngā āhua o ngā mōhini ki ngā huarahi e haere ana ai. Ko ngā whakamātautau i te tāone, ā, he nui ngā wā e tū me ngā wā e haere ana, ka pai ake ngā mōhini kāpura i te tīmatanga (kāore he utu matua) me ngā mahi whakamātātutanga iti ake. Arā, ko ngā mōhini diesel he tauā kia ora mai i te whakamātautau i ngā huarahi roa, ā, he rere kē ngā wāhi o ngā mōhini i te whakamātautau i ngā waka pūmau (Class 3 i tēnei wā ki te Class 5), ā, he 15–30% te iti ake o te whakamātautau i te kaiwhakamātautau. Ko te whirihanga o ngā mōhini (torque output) he 420 lb-ft. Ko te whirihanga o ngā mōhini (transmission) hoki he mea nui. Ko ngā mōhini whakamātātutanga ā-wāhanga (automated manual transmissions) he pai ki te whakamāmā i te whakamātautau i ngā kaiwhakamātautau i ngā wā e tū ana i ngā rere, ā, ko ngā mōhini whakamātātutanga tātai (standard automatics) he pai ake i ngā wāhi rerekē. Ko ngā kaiwhakamātautau o ngā waka i ngā wāhi maunga, he nui ake ngā whakaaro mō ngā rere o ngā whirihanga (torque curves) i ngā tauā o ngā waka (horsepower numbers) i te whiriwhiri i ngā waka pūmau. He aha te take? I te whakamātautau i ngā puke, ko te whirihanga o ngā mōhini (torque) e taea ana te whakamātautau i ngā RPM iti, ā, kāore he rere i ngā whakamātātutanga o ngā mōhini kia mau tonu te hāere.

Ngā Whakamātua Matua: Ngā Kāpae Tāwhai, Ngā Tāwhai Hōhi, Te Whakamāhua i te Teitei o te Whakamātua, me te Whakauru i te E-Track

Ko ngā whakamātua mātauranga he hāngai ki te whakamāui i ngā waka pūrākau kia tāwhai i ngā mahi ā-wāhi. He tauira, ko ngā kāpae tāwhai hāyihirōke he whakamāui i te wā e 35–40 meneti ia utu i te wā e whakamāui ana i ngā pākete i te rereke i te tāwhai i ngā taonga māmā. Ko ngā tāwhai hōhi e tiaki ana i ngā kai i ngā tāwhai hōhi e whakamāna ana i te FDA, ā, he matua tēnei mō ngā huarahi kai hou. Ko ngā wharepūkenga nui i tēnei wā he rereke i te teitei o ngā takotoranga o ngā waka, nō reira kāore he rāmpe e hiahiatia—e 85–90% o te wā, ā, he rereke i ngā ripoata o te ao pūhanga. Ko tēnei anō te whakamāui i ngā whāinga o ngā tuara i te wā o te whakauru i ngā taonga e 20% tonu. I roto i te waka, ko ngā rākau E-track e whakaaetia ana ngā kaihāere kia whakamāui i ngā taonga i ngā ara maha—kāore pea e taea e ngā whakamātua tāwhai. Ko ētahi kaiwhakamārama o ngā waka e whakamātua ana i te wā e toru te wā ake te tere o te whakamātua i ngā taonga i te whakamātua i ngā rākau E-track. I te wā e whakarite ana i ngā whakamātua e tino pūmau ana, tirohia ngā taonga e whakamātua ana i ngā huarahi rereke.

• Ngā tārua e whai ana i te hāngā o te wāhi : Ngā rōpū reefer me te whāinga o ±2°F
• Ngā wharepanga pūtaiao nui : Te whakamātātutanga o te tāwhai i te haumātua o te 48"–52"
• Ngā tārua āhua rere : Ngā pātaka E-track āhua rere me te kaha o te 1,500 lb/D-ring
• Ngā tārua mō ngā hokohoko : Ngā rōpū whakamātātutanga whakamātātutanga me ngā rākau

Te whakamātautau i te Uara Tōtahi o te Whakamahi mō ngā Waka Tepaki

Te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i ngā utu ake, ngā wā o te whakamātātutanga, ngā utu whakauru, me ngā utu o te whakamātātutanga i te tau e rima

I te tātai i te utu totora o te whakamahi i ngā kamupene pūkoro, me whakaaro ngā kaiwhakamāmani huinga i ngā wāhi e āhua e whā nei i ngā utu i tēnei wā o te ora o ēnei waka, arā he rima tau. Ko te rerekētanga i te whakamātau o te kōpū kōhao i waenganui i ngā mōtō diesel me ngā mōtō kōhao he rerekē nui i ngā tāpoi whakamāhi. Ko ngā mōtō diesel he āhua 10 ki te 12 maero i te galoni, ā, ko ngā mōtō kōhao he āhua 8 ki te 10 maero i te galoni. Ko tēnei he whakamārama i ngā utu kōhao i tēnei tau e taea ana te tātai mai i te $5,000 ki te $12,000, ā, he rerekē ngā whakamātau. Ko te whakamāhi i te wāhi hāngai anō he take nui. Ko ngā kamupene iti he āhua $1,200 ki te $1,800 i tēnei tau hei whakamāhi, i raro i ngā kamupene wāhi wātea e āhua $2,100 ki te $3,200 i tēnei tau. Ko ngā utu ake o te whakamāmā anō he rerekē, ko ngā kamupene iti he āhua $3,400 ki te $4,100 i tēnei tau, i raro i ngā kamupene nui ake e āhua $5,700 ki te $7,200 i tēnei tau. Ā, kaua hoki e wareware te whakamāhi i ngā kōrero whakamāhi tika – mēnā kāore ngā kōrero e whakamāhi ana i te wā, ka piki ake ngā utu ake o te whakamāmā i te 22% ki te 29%. Me whakaaro hoki i ngā moni e ngaro ana i te wā i ngā whakamāhi i ngā kamupene i ngā whakamāhi. Ko tēnei rā kotahi kāore he kamupene e mahi ana, he ngaro i te $500 ki te $1,000 i ngā moni e taea ana te whiwhi. Ko ēnei katoa ngā tau e whakamārama ana i te take i tēnei āhua o ngā kamupene e whakamāhi ana i ngā moni nui i te tīmatanga hei whakamāhi i ngā kamupene pai ake, ahakoa ngā whakamātautau o te utu tuatahi.

Te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga ture me ngā āhuatanga moni mō te hoko i tēnei waka pūkeke

Ngā rāhinga CDL, te whai i ngā whakaaetanga o EPA/CARB mō ngā whakawhitinga, me ngā whakaaetanga mō te whiwhi i ngā moni kia hokona e te rāhinga GVWR

He tino pāinga te mātauranga i ngā rōpū o ngā kākahu wāhanga i te hoko i ngā kamupīni. Me whiwhi he Tāwhai Hōhi Mātua (Commercial Driver's License) hei wāhine/tāne e whakamāhi ana i tēnei wāhine/tāne e tāpiri ana i tēnei wāhine/tāne i te taumaha o te wāhine/tāne he 26,001 poune (pounds) te taumaha katoa (GVWR), ā, ko tēnei he uaua ake hei whakamāhi i ngā kaimahi e mōhiotia ana, ā, he nui ake ngā utu mō ngā whakamāramatanga mō ngā rōpū. Me āta whakamātautau ngā rōpū e mahi ana i Kalifōnia, i ēnei wāhine/tāne rānei e whai ana i ngā rārangi o te EPA ngā kōrero mō ngā whakamāngungu kia rite ki ngā whakamārama o CARB, kia kāore ai ngā uruwhenua i ēnei ara. Ko ngā whakamārama hoki he uaua ake, nā te mea ka whakamāhi ngā kaitohu i ngā whakamārama moni i ngā rārangi o te GVWR anō. Ko ngā kamupīni o te rōpū 3 ki te 5 e 10,001 ki te 19,500 poune te taumaha, i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka whakamāhi i ngā whakamārama moni mātua kāore he uaua. Engari ko ngā kamupīni nui ake o ngā rōpū 6 me ngā rōpū 7 mai i te 19,501 ki te 33,000 poune, he uaua ake ngā whakamārama moni me ngā whakamārama hirahira ake. Ko ngā pakihi mātauranga e whakamātautau ana i ngā rohe e whakamāhi ai i ngā kamupīni i ngā rārangi whakamāngungu ā-taki, ā, e whakamātautau ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā whakamārama moni i waenganui i ngā rōpū taumaha i mua i ngā hoko. Ko tēnei whakamātau he oranga moni i te wā roa, ā, he whakamāmā hoki i ngā mahi kia kāore he raruraru whakamāmā i ngā wā kei muri.